Microbial intervention in agriculture: An overview
May 2015
With increase in population, rapid urbanization and industrialization, land area under agricultural production is decreasing day by day. In order to feed the huge population, more production is required from lesser area, which triggers continuous applications of higher doses of inorganic fertilizers in an injudicious manner posing serious harm on soil health, further rendering large fraction of land unfit for...
Endophytic mycobiota from leaves of Indigofera suffruticosa Miller (Fabaceae): The relationship between seasonal change in Atlantic Coastal Forest and tropical dry forest (Caatinga), Brazil
May 2015
Endophytic fungi were isolated from leaves of the medicinal plant, Indigofera suffruticosa collected at the Atlantic Coastal Forest and tropical dry forest (Caatinga), Pernambuco, Brazil, during the dry and rainy seasons. A total of 107 fungal isolates, representing nine fungal taxa, were obtained and classified as Ascomycota, among them Colletotrichum gloeosporioides with relative frequency (fr) 27.1% and...
Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. Ex Tan.) modulate physiological mechanisms to tolerate drought stress due to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and mycorrhizal helper bacteria
May 2015
The influence of Glomus intraradices colonisation on growth and reactive oxygen metabolism of Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. Ex Tan.) seedlings treated with mycorrhizal helper bacteria, that is, phosphate solubilising bacteria containing a mixture of Bacilus subtilis and B. megaterium, Azospirillum braisilence or Providencia sp.) in potted culture was studied under well-watered or drought stress conditions....
AmpC and metallo beta-lactamases producing Gram negative bacteria in patients with hematological malignancy
May 2015
Resistance to broad spectrum β-lactams mediated by AmpC and metallo beta-lactamases (MBLs) enzymes is a rising problem worldwide. The wide dissemination of Gram negative bacteria harboring these enzymes represents a significant clinical threat during the last decade, which is mainly due to treatment failure and restriction of therapeutic options. This problem should be really estimated in our locality with special...
Antibacterial activity of two extracts from Rubus fruticosus L. against resistant pathogens and their antioxidant potential
May 2015
One of the most serious threats to public health across the world is the spread of antibiotics resistant pathogens. This situation obliges researchers from all over the world to focus on how they can overcome this obstacle mainly by searching or synthesizing new molecules to neutralize microbes and to overcome the phenomenon of resistance. One of the main reservoirs of potentially active molecules is the plantae...
Evaluation of plant products and antagonistic microbes against grey blight (Pestalotiopsis theae), a devastating pathogen of tea
May 2015
The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different oils (lemongrass, neem, karanj, zinger, eucalyptus and patchouli oils), different plant product extracts (garlic, zinger, false ashoka and datura) and different antagonistic microorganisms (different species of Trichoderma spp., Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp.) on grey blight of tea, Pestalotiopsis theae. Results reveal that eucalyptus oil and neem...
Effect of the addition of water-soluble soybean extract and probiotic culture on chemical characteristics and folate concentration in yogurts produced with goat’s milk
May 2015
Four yogurts from goat’s milk were elaborated and water-soluble soybean extract (WSSE) in the supplementation of 14.8 g/L and Bifidobacterium lactis probiotic culture at 2% were added during processing. Chemical aspects and folate concentration were evaluated during the preparation for 29 days at 4°C. Regarding protein and fat analysis, treatments with added WSSE presented higher values; the yogurt with added...
Microbiologic quality of hand creams in Pelotas, Brazil
May 2015
The use of cosmetics has been widely accepted; among them, hand creams are commonly used with the principal function of hydration. However, for the user’s safety, and to ensure good-quality products, these products should follow the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and a strict microbiological quality control. In this study, six samples of hand creams, two industrialized and four compounding were evaluated by...
Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum interaction in Gerbera
May 2015
Pot culture experiments were carried out to study the interactive effect of root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and the fungus, Fusarium oxysporum in Gerbera, Gerbera jamesonii Hook. Sequential and concomitant inoculation of the nematode and fungus was done to observe the disease severity in the plants due to the individual effect and interactive effect of nematode and fungus. It was observed from the study that...
Molecular screening for the presence of Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes in samples of milk from dairy herds
April 2015
This study aims to verify the predominance of contamination with pathogenic microorganisms in dairy herds. In order to validate the initially used methodology, an artificial contamination was conducted in commercially acquired whole UHT milk, with strains of Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in final concentrations from 2.10-7 to 2.100 CFU/mL, which were submitted to a DNA extraction...
Mycobiota from the eggs, nests and stillbirths of Eretmochelys imbricata Linneus 1766 (Testudines: Cheloniidae) in Pernambuco State, Brazil
April 2015
Eretmochelys imbricata Linneus 1766 was the subject of trade due to egg collection and consumption of the flesh of the females, being the fishery one of the main impacts towards the coastal area. The pathogens are also worrying factors of mortality of sea turtles especially those caused by fungi; these can cause the death of embryos and cutaneous mycoses. This study aimed to investigate the mycoflora isolated from soil,...
Prevalence and characterization of carbapenemase producing isolates of Enterobacteriaceae obtained from clinical and environmental samples: Efflux pump inhibitor study
April 2015
The present study was undertaken to screen for carbapenem resistance and the ability of efflux pump inhibitors to inhibit this resistance in enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from clinical specimens from patients attending Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER) hospital and water samples in and around Puducherry. A total of 425 carbapenem resistant isolates from clinical samples...
Candida albicans ssp. dubliniensis stat.et comb. nov., a new combination for Candida dubliniensis based on genetic criteria
April 2015
One accredited species, Candida albicans subspecies dubliniensis, has been proposed to replace the existing designations of Candida dubliniensis. The study of the genetic diversity among the clinical isolates of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis was performed based on the amplified transposable intron region in the 25S rRNA gene. This study attempts to verify the unequivocal understanding of the genetic relationship...
Microbial activity in two soils with different clay content contaminated by different diesel/biodiesel mixtures
April 2015
Biodiesel is an alternative energy source that has a high biodegradability potential and low toxicity, contributing to ecosystem impact reductions. The aim of this study was to determine, by the natural attenuation technique, the microbial activity of two soils: one clayey (CLA) and the other sandy (SAN), contaminated with different concentrations of biodiesel blended with diesel (B0, B5, B20 and B100) simulating a...
Comparative study on prevalence and association of some virulence factors with extended spectrum beta-lactamases and AmpC producing Escherichia coli
April 2015
The aim of this study was to gain further insight into the interplay between both extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC enzymes and different virulence factors (VFs) among Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from Mansoura University Hospitals, Egypt. For this purpose 100 E. coli isolates were collected from different clinical sources. All isolates were investigated for production of ESBL and AmpC enzymes....
Cyanide influence on the growth of mycotoxigenic fungi from cassava flour in vitro
April 2015
The hypothesis that residual cyanide present in cassava flour influences the growth of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus was established. Therefore, cyanide concentrations were measured in three types of flour: mixed, dry and watery (n=30), as the basis for the establishment of doses to be used. Fungi sowing were performed in solid Saboraud medium with a central well (500 μL), in which 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg CN kg-1...
Resistance of heavy metals on some pathogenic bacterial species
April 2015
Microorganisms are known to be highly sensitive to the presence of heavy metals and some of the early attempts to control microorganisms had used copper sulphate as plant fungicide and mercury salts for some infectious diseases; but, the order of toxicity varies among different organisms and in general mercury and silver are more toxic than manganese and zinc. It has been seen that responses of organisms to heavy metal...
Assessment of phenol biodegradation capacity of indigenous bacteria isolated from sewage treatment plant
April 2015
Among different xenobiotics, phenol is a man made as well as a naturally occurring aromatic compound and an important intermediate in the biodegradation of natural and industrial aromatic compounds. The investigation was undertaken to isolate, characterize and exploit phenol degrading bacteria from sewage treatment plant (STP) (artificial ecosystem having diverse group of bacteria which are adapted to different aromatic...
Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus subtilis
April 2015
Indole-3-acetic acid biosynthetic activity of Klebsiella pneumonia, strain MR-M1, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain MR-AI, four Bacillus sp. strain MR-SP, RR-R2, WR-W2 and MR-Z1 were investigated. Here, the authors demonstrated the effect of carbon sources, amino acids, vitamins and abiotic stress on the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production level under in vitro condition by the six strains. The culture medium was...
Performance evaluation of laboratory professionals on tuberculosis microscopy at Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia
April 2015
Microscopic diagnosis of Ziehl-Neelsen stained sputum by microscopists has remained the best routine laboratory method for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). However, detection and identification of TB require skilled laboratory personnel. The aim of the study was to assess the performance of laboratory professionals in detecting TB bacilli at Hawassa town health institutions. A cross-sectional study design was...
Evaluation of rice landraces against rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola
April 2015
Of late, rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola has become a serious menace in all type of rice situations in India. A field study was under taken during kharif-2013 to evaluate 135 landraces (local cultivars) collected and maintained at Organic Farming Research centre of ZAHRS, Navile, Shimoga against Meloidogyne graminicola. The result reveals that the varieties show varying degrees of responses. Out of 135...
Antibacterial activity of Andrographis paniculata Nees against selective human pathogens
April 2015
The present study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial effect of Andrographis paniculata against selective human pathogens. The plant parts of A. paniculata such as leaf, stem and root were studied for its antibacterial activity. Different solvents were used to extract the active components from the plant parts. The antibacterial activity was studied against selective human pathogens viz., Staphylococcus sp.,...
Control of psychrophilic microbiota in shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) by Lactobacillus reuteri
April 2015
As an alternative to traditional methods for controlling microorganisms in food, bioprotection using lactic acid bacteria is promising. Lactobacillus reuteri exhibits an ability to produce reuterin, an antimicrobial substance presenting effects against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as molds, yeasts and protozoa. In the present study, the activity of L. reuteri culture and extract over psychrophilic...
Bacterial inoculation effect on soil biological properties, growth, grain yield, total phenolic and flavonoids contents of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) under hilly ecosystems of North-East India
April 2015
Field experiments were carried out at Research Farm, ICAR Sikkim Centre, Tadong during two consecutive Rabi seasons of 2012 and 2013 to determine the effect of different microbial inoculants on selected soil biological properties, growth, yield, and quality of common buckwheat, and then identify the best inoculant for application for local common buckwheat production in hilly ecosystem of North-East India. The results...
Different dosages of SALMEX® to control Clostridium perfringens in poultry feed ingredients
April 2015
Ingredients of animal origin are important for the animal feed industry because they contain significant amounts of nutrients, minerals, and vitamins. However, the use of these raw materials is a problem due to pathogenic bacterial contamination, especially Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella spp. One way to control contamination is the addition of chemical products during ingredient production. Thus, the objective...
Exploiting novel rhizosphere Bacillus species to suppress the root rot and wilt pathogens of chickpea
April 2015
Thirty isolates of Bacillus were collected from chickpea rhizosphere and screened for their in vitro inhibition against root rot (Rhizoctonia bataticola) and wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri) pathogens and growth promotion of chickpea. Based on the in vitro inhibition and growth promotion tests, the best eight isolates were selected and PCR-based detection of antibiotics genes viz., surfactin, iturin, fengycin and...
Variability in Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris causing wilt in chickpea
April 2015
Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris (Padwick) Matuo and K. Sato is a major constraint in successful cultivation of chickpea. Therefore, in the present study, 24 isolates of F. oxysporum f.sp. ciceris collected from different chickpea growing areas of Punjab and adjoining states were assessed for morphological variations. Among 24 isolates, the maximum (8.78 mm/days) and minimum (5.00 mm/day) growth...
Reduced intracellular drug accumulation augments fluoroquinolone and β-lactam drugs resistance in clinical Gram negative bacteria from Nigeria
April 2015
In Nigeria, quinolones and β-lactam antibiotics are widely used as broad-spectrum antibiotics to treat infections caused by various Gram-negative pathogens. The outer membrane is the major permeability barrier limiting target access to quinolones and other drugs in Gram-negative bacteria. This study aimed to identify the role of outer membrane porins (OMPs) and uptake in fluoroquinolone (FQ) and β-lactam drugs...
The role of phenolic compounds in the defense of sooty mold of olive leaves (Olea europea L.)
April 2015
The aim of this study is to demonstrate the role of phenolic compounds in the olive leaves infected by sooty mold. The results show that the presence of sooty mold induces a high production of polyphenols in infected leaves of olive compared to the uninfected ones. The high concentrations of flavonoids and alkaloids in the infected trees suggest that they make the olive tree resistant to this fungi disease. Analyses by...
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the Jatropha curcas rhizosphere
April 2015
Jatropha curcas L. is a Euphorbiaceae characterized as drought tolerant, with low nutrient exigency and resistant to pests and diseases; furthermore, its seeds have a high content of good quality oil, which makes it a potential plant species for biodiesel production. The association of J. curcas with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may enhance some of these promising features. The aim of this work was to assess AMF...
Achromobacter sp. and Virgibacillus pantothenticus as models of thermo-tolerant lipase-producing marine bacteria from North Delta sediments (Egypt)
April 2015
Sediments of North Delta (Egypt) are a rich source of many thermo-tolerant bacteria, which could be used as a good source of many enzymes. Sediment samples were collected from six different sites in North Delta region. The counts of thermo-tolerant marine bacteria (at 55°C) in sediment samples ranged from 9.8x102 to 6.8x103 CFU g-1. It was found that the occurrence of thermo-tolerant bacteria in North Delta...
Antibiotics and antibiotic resistant bacteria in wastewater: Impact on environment, soil microbial activity and human health
April 2015
In recent years, pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) have aggravated increasing anxiety, particularly as no legitimate requirements have been set for discharge into surface water bodies of these ubiquitous, persistent and biologically active substances. Massive quantities of antibiotics are used in human and veterinary medicines in all parts of the globe to treat diseases with bacterial origins. After administration,...
Bacterial degradation and decolorization of textile dyes by newly isolated Lysobacter sp.
April 2015
A bacterial strain, P28, with significant capability to decolorize the textile dye, Congo Red and Yellow HEGR was isolated from the effluent collected from a textile industry. Phenotypic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA sequence indicated that the bacterial strain belonged to the genus Lysobacter. Bacterial isolate P28 showed a remarkable ability to decolorize azo dyes, including Congo Red and...
Resilience and relative virulence of strains of entomopathogenic fungi under interactions of abiotic stress
April 2015
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of interacting conditions of water stress (0.995-0.96 water activity; aw), elevated temperature (25-37°C) and CO2 (350, 1000 ppm) on growth and sporulation of strains of three entomogenous fungi, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Isaria farinosa. Subsequently, using bioassay systems with locust (Schistocerca gregaria), we examined the effect of...
Potential bacterial pathogens of external ocular infections and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern at Hawassa University Teaching and Referral Hospital, Southern Ethiopia
April 2015
Bacterial external ocular infection is a common health problem along with increase and spread of drug resistance in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to identify potential bacterial isolate of external ocular infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in patients attending eye clinic of the Hawassa University Teaching and Referral Hospital, from December 2012 to April 2013. A total of 281...
Biofilm production by clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis and its relationship with genotypic profile, presence of virulence-related genes and antibiotic resistance
April 2015
Staphylococcus epidermidis is considered as the main infectious agent associated with implanted medical devices. This study determined biofilm production and composition, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profile, antimicrobial susceptibility and presence of virulence-related genes (ica operon, aap, bhp, embp, capB and IS256 transposase) in 49 clinical isolates of S. epidermidis. Twenty-five isolates (51%) were...
Isolation and characterization of antibiotic producing Bacillus species in Lake Bogoria, Kenya
April 2015
Bacilli are a large homogeneous group of bacteria that survive in a wide range of environmental conditions. Formation of resistant spores allows them to survive in high temperature zones where other organisms cannot. Eighty samples were collected and inoculated directly into nutrient broth. Of the eighty samples collected, thirty three exhibited growth. Nine of these were Gram positive rods, twenty were Gram negative...
Effect of pH and temperature on the production and activity of Schwanniomyces polymorphus extracellular proteases in fermentation medium
April 2015
Proteases are among the most studied enzymes due to the great interest with regard to their cleavage of peptide bonds in industrial applications. With the goal of maximizing the advantages of these biocatalysts, new producers of proteolytic enzymes are being prospected from various microhabitats. This study aimed to select a yeast strain with high yield of extracellular proteolytic enzyme and characterize the yield and...
Serotyping and antimicrobial resistance of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157 isolated from children under five years of age with diarrhea in rural Burkina Faso
April 2015
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is one of the main causes of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children in sub-Saharan Africa. This study investigated the prevalence, serotypes and antibiotic resistance patterns of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) among diarrheal children in rural Burkina Faso. Stool specimens were collected from 280 children under 5 years of age...
In vitro antibacterial activity of two plant extracts against Enterococcus faecalis
April 2015
The antimicrobial activity of two crude plant extracts– Solanum paniculatum L. (jurubeba) and Bixa orellana L. (annatto) against Enterococcus faecalis was tested in vitro, and their efficacy was compared with that of a chemical agent with known antibacterial activity – chlorhexidine digluconate at 0.12% concentration. Extracts were prepared from jurubeba roots and annatto seeds after selection by...
Optimization of flavor ester synthesis catalysed by Aspergillus niger lipase
April 2015
The performance of Aspergillus niger lipase in catalyzing of butyl butyrate synthesis was studied as a function of reaction parameters temperature (°C), substrate molar ratio and added water (% (v/v)). A face-centered design (FCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were applied in order to optimize the esterification yield (Y). The optimal conditions for butyl butyrate synthesis were found at 40°C, substrate...
Enterococcus faecalis, a nightmare to endodontist: A systematic review
April 2015
The main goal in endodontics is the prevention and treatment of diseases of the dental pulp and periapical tissues and it can be best achieved if preventive measures and treatment procedures are based on a thorough and detailed understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of endodontic diseases. There are some cases in which the treatment has followed the highest technical standards and yet failure results. Scientific...
Prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of blood culture isolates from human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) patients on highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in Nigeria
April 2015
Bloodstream infections remain public health problem and have resulted to morbidity and mortality in HIV/AIDS patients. This study was therefore aimed at determining the prevalence of bacteremia in HIV infected patients on highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) attending Federal Medical Centre, Ido-Ekiti, Ekiti State. A total of 105 blood samples were cultured using brain heart infusion and subcultured on bismuth...
Differentiation of Stemphylium solani isolates using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers
April 2015
Stemphylium solani isolates infect two varieties of eggplant, Solanum aethiopicum and Solanum melongena grown in Senegal (West Africa) and are morphologically quite similar. Using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) procedure with arbitrary 10-mer primers, we were able to differentiate these S. solani isolates into two groups directly related to their plant host origin. A RAPD product of approximately 480 bases...
Comparative study of ready-to-eat foods from road-side and eateries in Benin City, Nigeria
April 2015
The microbiological qualities of ready to eat foods sold in road-side and eateries were studied using the standard microbiological methods. The mean viable bacterial counts in food samples obtained from eateries ranged from 2.4 x103±0.23 to 4.8 x104±0.23 cfu/g, while the mean viable bacterial counts in food samples obtained from road side canteen ranged from 9.0 x104±0.43 to 2.20 x 105±0.40...
Isolation of Escherichia coli from cattle and lechwe antelopes at the livestock/wildlife interface area of the Kafue flats in Zambia
April 2015
This study was conducted at the livestock/wildlife interface areas of national parks and traditional cattle grazing areas. The main aim of the study was to establish the occurrence of Escherichia coli serogroups isolated from Kafue lechwe antelopes (Kobus leche kafuensis) and pastoral cattle. A total of 593 faecal samples from lechwe (232) and pastoral cattle (361) were conveniently picked from the grazing pastures in...
Characterization of Pleurotus sp. of mushroom based on phenotypic, biochemical and yield parameter
April 2015
The present investigations were carried out to study the cultural characteristics, morphological characteristics and protein percent of 10 different species of genus Pleurotus namely Pleurotus sajor caju, Pleurotus flabellatus, Pleurotus platypus, Pleurotus fossulatus, Pleurotus florida, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Pleurotus sapidus, Pleurotus djamor, Pleurotus ostreatus and Hypsizygus ulmarius. Results obtained show...
Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by rapid molecular methods augments acid fast bacilli (AFB) smear microscopy in a non-culture tuberculosis laboratory
April 2015
Laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) has evolved into simplified molecular procedures that are adaptable in routine settings. We compared the diagnostic performance of smear microscopy by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) for detection of acid fast bacilli (AFB) with two different rapid Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) specific molecular methods; Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) and Geno Type MTBDRplus (MTBDR), using a total of 194...
Molecular characterization of group A rotaviruses circulating in Senegal over a 7-year period (2005-2011)
April 2015
Group A rotaviruses are characterized by large genomic diversity that is typically studied by genotyping of the VP7 glycoprotein, which defines G-type, and the protease-sensitive VP4, which defines P-type. The aim of this study was to examine the genotypes of group A rotavirus strains circulating in Senegal over a 7-year period between 2005 and 2011. ELISA positive stool specimens were analyzed by PAGE and were...
Genotyping and antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans strains from patients with vulvovaginal and cutaneous candidiasis in Palestine
April 2015
The aims of this study was the genotyping of Candida albicans strains isolated from patients with invasive cutaneous and vulvovaginal infections and to investigate the fluconazole, flurocytosine (5-FC), and amphotericin B susceptibility of the strains genotypes. For this purpose, 151 C. albicans isolates [from 68 candidiasis (VVC) and 83 cutaneous (CC) infections] were genotyped by using specific PCR...
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