Phytanic acid, a daily consumed chlorophyll-yielded phytol bio-metabolite: A comprehensive review
December 2016
An important chlorophyll-derived diterpenoid essential oil, phytol (PYT) bio-metabolite, phytanic acid (PA) has a number of pathophysiological contributions. The PA metabolism and its plasma levels associated phenomena are continuously being researched on. This study aims to look at the complete current scenario of PA. The findings suggest that PA has anti-diabetic, cytotoxic, anticancer and anti-teratogenic activities....
Evaluation of antioxidant capacity, phenolic content, antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of Guettarda uruguensis flowers and fruits
December 2016
Antioxidant capacity, phenolic content, antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of extracts and fractions from flowers and fruits of G. uruguensis were evaluated. Total phenolic content ranged between 406.8 ± 20.47 and 57.98 ± 1.734 gallic acid equivalent in mg g-1 (mg GAE g-1) samples. Ethyl acetate and butanol fractions from flowers had the greatest rates in phenolic content and antioxidant activity in...
Phytopharmaceutical properties of herbal teas circulating in the Nigerian market
December 2016
We report herein some phytopharmaceutical properties of commonly marketed teas in Nigeria. The organoleptic and physicochemical properties such as color, odor, physical appearance as well as ash value, moisture content, flow properties, pH and solubility were interrogated using standard methods as the measure of their phytopharmaceutical properties. The results show that, all the teas were coarse in nature and the...
Euterpe oleracea Mart. (açai): an old known plant with a new perspective
December 2016
The açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart) fruit pulp is extensively used in Brazil as food among other uses. The health benefits of açai are largely reported by the Amazon inhabitants. Nonetheless, just a few pharmacological and toxicological studies were made to probe the innocuousness and the safety of the use of this product. The aims of this work were to update knowledge about the chemical composition,...
Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) pod extract decreases fertility in female but not male rats
December 2016
The administration of Mesquite pod extract (containing mesquitol, daidzein and genistein) to female and male rats disrupts reproductive variables. However, its effect on fertility is not known. This study evaluated fertility in male and female rats treated with mesquite pod extract, comparing its effects with those of daidzein and estradiol. The following treatments were given for 30 days to groups of female and male...
Drug use and prescription pattern at the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (UDUVTH), Sokoto; A ten-year retrospective study (2006-2015)
December 2016
A ten year (2006 – 2015) retrospective study was conducted using records from the case files of patients handled at the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (UDUVTH) in order to ascertain the pattern and problems associated with drug prescriptions in the management of diseases presented to the hospital. The results obtained show that, a total number of 622 patients comprising cattle (4.80%),...
Progress test: A review to motivate their use in pharmacy schools in Brazil
December 2016
Progress Test (PrT) is a longitudinal assessment strategy in which tests composed of contents from all the curriculum are periodically applied to all students of a course. Such strategy allows measurement of deep, long-lasting meaningful learning as well as early detection and remediation of underperforming students. It was introduced more than forty years ago, and it has been used in several health schools in the...
Validation of tools for the evaluation of pharmaceutical services: A systematic review
December 2016
The objective of this study was to identify and evaluate studies that performed the validation of tools applied to health evaluation with a focus on pharmaceutical services. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify validation studies involving pharmaceutical services. The search for articles strategy was held in databases: EMBASE, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and CINHAL. The descriptors used were:...
Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant, reducing, lipoxygenase and ACE inhibition activity of polyherbal drug linkus
November 2016
Oxidative, reductive, lipoxygenase and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activities are the condition where there is an inequity among concentrations can cause a multiple pathological effects. Vast results of medical plants and the remarkable contribution on humans has been observed since centuries. The current study has showed the antioxidant, lipoxygenase, ACE inhibition, urease activity and reducing ability in...
Myelo-protective and haematopoietic effects of seed extract fractions of Phoenix dactylifera in Wistar rats
November 2016
Myelo-protective and haematopoietic effects of seed extract fractions (SEF) of Phoenix dactylifera were investigated in Wistar rats. The acute toxicity of the SEF were determined in mice (n=12). Wistar rats (n=45), aged 2 to 3 months and weighing 150 to 220 g were grouped into 9, labeled (A to I). Groups A to D were intraperitoneally-induced for myelo-suppression with 3 mg/kg bodyweight (b.wt) of cyclophosphamide for 7...
Development, characterization and assessment of botulinum toxin type A incorporated in nanocarriers
November 2016
Botulinum toxin type A is one of the most used products in mitigation of wrinkles and expression lines by promoting muscle paralysis. Because of their hydrophilic and high molecular mass, this active has low permeability through the skin. Thus, to exert its action as rejuvenation agent, botulinum toxin needs to be applied through intramuscular injections, causing pain and discomfort to the patient. An alternative to...
Antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxicity studies from flavonoid rich fraction of Enicostemma axillare (LAM.) raynal leaves
November 2016
The aim of this research was to explore the in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer activities of flavonoid rich fraction from the leaves of Enicostemma axillare. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were assessed by Folin–Ciocalteu and Aluminium chloride method respectively. Antioxidant activities of this plant was confirmed on the source of ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethyl...
Comparative phytochemical studies and anti-inflammatory activities of Desmodium velutinum (Willd) and Desmodium scorpiurus Desv. (Family Papilionaceae) growing in Nigeria
November 2016
Members of the genus Desmodium are widespread in the sub-tropics, tropics and used in traditional medicine, as part of recipes for treating fever, pains, cough and dysentery. In this study, phytochemical screening and comparative anti-inflammatory activities of the methanol extracts, hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of the leaves of Desmodium velutinum and Desmodium scorpiurus were investigated using the...
Effect of hydroethanolic extract from Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats
November 2016
Calophyllum brasiliense (Cb) belongs to the Clusiaceae family and it is generally used for diabetes treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-diabetic effect of Cb’s hydroethanolic extract (CBE) on diabetic induced rats by streptozotocin and evaluate the content of polyphenols and tannins of the extract. The polyphenols and tannins evaluation in the extract were determinated by a...
Antinociceptive and antioxidant activity of Calliandra umbellifera Benth
November 2016
The genus, Calliandra is popularly used for renal pain, cystitis, prostate inflammation, fever and toothache. This study aimed at investigating the antinociceptive activity of methanolic crude extract (MCE) of Calliandra umbellifera, regarding chemical (acetic acid, formalin and glutamate tests) of nociception (in vivo) and the methanolic extract and hidrobutanolic phase (HBF) antioxidant activity by the...
Use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in experimental models for biological assay with natural products
November 2016
Research on natural products is facing significant difficulty. The analysis "high-throughput screening" has limited effectiveness in their evaluation. This report on in vitro screening of pharmacological activity of the drugs candidate molecule by evaluating a single target. The presence of many substances in a natural extract makes this process unprecise. The zebrafish (Danio rerio, ZF) is well suited to...
Biochemical and histological evaluation of benzo[a]pyrene induced nephrotoxicity and therapeutic potentials of Combretum zenkeri leaf extract
November 2016
This study determined the therapeutic effect of ethanol leaf extract of Combretum zenkeri on kidney function of rats exposed to benzo[a]pyrene. Male Wistar albino rats were treated with ethanol leaf extract of C. zenkeri (400 mg/kg) in the presence or absence of BaP (200 mg/kg) for four weeks. The blood obtained at the end of the treatment was processed into serum and used for biochemical analyses and kidney...
Phenytoin: Is it genotoxic in isolated cultured human lymphocytes without metabolic activation by S9?
November 2016
There are many conflicting reports around the phenytoin (PHT)-induced genotoxic effect especially in the in-vitro studies. PHT was claimed to cause genotoxic effect by the oxidative stress of its metabolic intermediates. However, by reviewing the distribution and activity of the enzymes responsible for PHT metabolism, we found that PHT is rarely metabolized by human lymphocytes. So that, we will use isolated cultured...
Development of nano particle encapsulated pemulen gel for aceclofenac topical delivery
October 2016
Management of rheumatic disorders are limited by the inability to provide long-term drug delivery due to the irritation to gastric mucosa and poor availability of drugs, which may be overcome by prolonging the drug release. The nanostructured carriers (NP)based gel was developed as potential topical system for aceclofenac topical delivery. In the present study, chitosan-sodium alginate...
Analgesic and central nervous system depressant activities of methanol extract of Ziziphus rugosa Lam. Leaves
October 2016
The present investigation was designed to evaluate the analgesic and central nervous system (CNS) depressant activities of the methanolic extract of Ziziphus rugosa Lam. in rat model. The analgesic activity of the extract was examined using acetic acid-induced writhing test (chemically induced pain) at the doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight. Further, the CNS depressant activity of the plant extract was evaluated by...
Securing the pharmaceutical supply chain: A study of the use of Mobile Authentication Service (MAS) among the Nigerian populace utilizing antimalarials
October 2016
This study investigated the effectiveness of the Mobile Authentication Service (MAS) introduced on antimalarial medicines (AMs) in curbing the incidences of counterfeiting for this group of pharmaceuticals. The assessment of the knowledge, attitude and use of the technology by Nigerian citizens, uncovering areas of deficit as well as proffering recommendations on the current use pattern of MAS by Nigerians was carried...
Experimental evaluation of wound healing activity of Croton macrostachyus in rat
October 2016
Croton macrostachyus leaves are used for treatment of wounds by traditional healers in Ethiopia. Despite the use of this plant in the treatment of wound, there is limited data to support its medicinal use. The present study provides scientific evaluation for the wound healing potential of methanolic extract of C. macrostachyus leaves in rats. The leaves of Croton macrostachyus were studied for the presence of some...
Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the hydroethanol extract and fractions of the bark of Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir.
October 2016
This study investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects from the inner bark of Mimosa tenuiflora. The hydroethanol extract (HEE) and its hexane (HXF), chloroform (CLF), ethyl acetate (EAF) and hydromethanol (HMF) fractions were prepared and submitted to phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity. In vivo anti-inflammatory effect was investigated by using 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate...
Criteria for the bioanalytical method and its application in dermatopharmacokinetic (DPK) study in pig skin (ex vivo) using metronidazole
October 2016
Conventional pharmacokinetic profiles of drugs are described mainly by plotting drug plasma concentration versus time. However, topical drugs are designed to target local tissue and, as such, have limited systemic absorption. For these drugs, the pharmacokinetic measurements in the local tissue (skin) are of more importance than systemic measurements. In this context, this study aims to develop and discuss the...
In vivo antioxidant and lipid peroxidation effect of various extracts from aerial parts of Chomelia asiatica (Linn) in rat fed with high fat diet
October 2016
The present investigation was to examine the in vivo antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation activities of different extracts of aerial parts of Chomelia asiatica (Linn). High fat diet rats demonstrated fundamentally decreased the levels of tissues enzymatic antioxidant and non-enzymatic antioxidant (Glutathione). The level of thiobarbuturic acid reactive substance (TBARS) is reduced in high-fat diet (HFD) rats when...
Artemisinin combination therapy use in Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
October 2016
There is an alarming rise in treatment failures from artemisinin combination therapy (ACT). The aim of this study was to access the therapeutic effectiveness of ACT in the market and the rate of re-occurrence of malaria shortly after completion of therapy. The rate of adherence to therapy and relapse rate of four hundred volunteers, who recently treated malaria, were assessed using quantitative interview-semi structured...
Chronic toxicity assessment of crude ethanolic extract of Wissadula periplocifolia (L.) C. Presl. leaves in albino Wistar rats
October 2016
Wissadula periplocifolia (L.) C. Presl. is a medicinal plant widely distributed in USA, but it has not yet been investigated extensively. Some pharmacochemical studies were performed at the Federal University of Paraiba, and the components of the crude ethanolic extract were identified; one of them was a tiliroside, which has already been shown to have excellent anti-inflammatory activity that can inhibit the...
In vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of alcoholic extract from the leaves of Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don
October 2016
In the present investigation, the methanol leaves extract of Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don was assessed for antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The antibacterial action was evaluated through agar disc diffusion method against seven pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacterial strains at various concentrations and compared against the standard (kanamycin 30 µg/disc). The antioxidant activity of the extract was...
Phytochemical and efficacy study on four herbs used in erectile dysfunction: Mondia whiteii, Cola acuminata, Urtica massaica, and Tarenna graveolens
October 2016
There is a resurgence in the use of herbal medicine in the developed countries, with even much more in low developed Countries and especially for conditions such as erectile dysfunction. Studies thus need to be conducted to scientifically validate claims on certain medicinal plants reported to be efficacious in traditional medicine. This current study was conducted to determine the phytochemical composition and efficacy...
Analysis on effects of diets on antiretroviral therapy (ART) immune response among HIV/AIDS Patients in Eastern Ethiopia: Particular emphasis to camel dairy consumption
September 2016
Diets and nutrition have critical effect on immune status of human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients and on recovery of immune competence after antiretroviral therapy (ART). A pilot study was conducted to explore associations between the dietary pattern of HIV/AIDS patients and their immune (CD4+ cell recovery) response following ART. A recall interview survey...
In vitro acaricidal activity of crude extracts of Schinus molle (L.) leaves against field population of Bophilus decoloratus and Rhipicephalus pulchellus ticks
September 2016
Plant products are a rich source of bioactive organic chemicals and offer an advantage over synthetic pesticides as these are less toxic, less prone to development of resistance and easily biodegradable. The present study aimed at screening the acaricidal potential of crude methanolic and aqueous extracts of Schinus molle (L.) leaves on the adult Bophilus decoloratus and Rhipicephalus pulchellus cattle ticks, using in...
Activity of red wine polyphenols on endothelial no-synthase (eNOS)
September 2016
Polyphenols (PPH) represent a group of chemical substances found in plants, characterized by the presence of more than one phenol unit. The largest and best studied polyphenols are the flavonoids. Polyphenols contained in red wine have beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. The aim of our research was a comparative and interactive study of four red wine polyphenols - resveratrol (R), quercetin (Q), kaempferol (K)...
Involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nociceptive pathways on the pharmacological activity of hydantoin derivative 5-(4-isopropylphenyl)-3-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione
September 2016
Hydantoins are often reported as potent anticonvulsant drugs; however, recent studies have highlighted their antinociceptive potential. Based on these reports, this study investigated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the hydantoin derivative 5-(4-isopropylphenyl)-3-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione (IM-7) using animal models. Treated mice submitted to the acetic acid-induced writhing test showed...
Ocular effects of oral acetazolamide on visual functions of normotensive individuals
September 2016
Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor which is on World Health Organization’s list of essential medicines, a list of most important medications needed in a basic health system. The ocular effects of acetazolamide was studied in 30 normotensive volunteers. Each volunteer received a loading dose of 500 mg at 0700 h followed by a maintenance dose of 250 mg at 1300 and 1800 h, respectively on day one. From...
Long term treatment of fluexotine and buspirone on gastric mucosal integrity in rats
September 2016
The highly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are successful in the treatment of depression mood and anxiety disorders. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of fluexotine and buspirone when given orally in three dose levels (5, 10 and 15 mg/ kg) not only for eight weeks on gastric lesions and oxidative markers in normal rats' mucosal integrity, but also for four weeks on gastric mucosal...
Synthesis and characterization of Cu(II) and Fe(II) metal complexes of oxazepine derivative via Schiff base [Fe(HPOHBOT)Cl2] and [Cu(HPOHBOT)Cl2]
September 2016
A Schiff base and its derivative (oxazepine) have been synthesized by the reaction between thio-semicarbazide and aromatic aldehyde 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde in ethanol in the presence of acetic acids to yield the Schiff base. This Schiff base on treatment with phthalic anhydride to give seven-member heterocyclic ring called oxazepine. Oxazepineas di-dentate ligand treated with hydrated metal chlorides CuCl2 and FeCl2 in...
In vitro and in vivo assessment of genotoxic activity of Petiveria alliacea
September 2016
Petiveria alliacea L. (Phytolaccaceae) is an Amazonian shrub used in traditional medicine for many purposes. This study investigated the genotoxicity of the hydroalcoholic extract of P. alliacea (EHPa). In addition, we conducted pharmacognostic characterization and phytochemical investigation. Phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography (TLC) were used to determine the chemical composition of the extract....
Toxicological assessment of the aqueous dried leaf extracts of Senna alata L. in wistar rats
September 2016
Senna alata is a medicinal plant that belongs to Leguminosae family. Different parts of the plant are used in folklore medicine for curing skin infections, abdominal pain, and gonorrhoea. Despite the use of S. alata in the treatment of various ailments, there is limited or no comprehensive scientific information on the toxicological evaluation of the dried leaf extract in the folklore medicine in Africa. This study...
Ameliorative effect of grape seed extract on metabolic disorders caused by high fat diet induced obesity in rats by reversing the increase in hepatic miR-33a and miR-122
September 2016
MiR-33a and miR-122 are major regulators of lipid metabolism in the liver and their deregulation has been linked to the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the level of miR-33a and miR-122 in rat liver correlate with obesity and potential anti-obesity effect of grape seed extract (GSE) and calorie restricted diet with special emphasis on...
Synthesis of 2-(benzylthio)benzimidazole, 2-[(benzimidazol-2-yl)methylthio]benzimidazole and structural analogues against Haemoncus contortus
September 2016
The coupling of the derivatives of the 2-mercaptobenzimidazole 1 with the derivatives of the (chloromethyl)benzene 2 gives 2-(benzylthio)benzimidazole 4a-k on the one hand, and with the 2-(chlorométhyl)benzimidazole 3 on the other the 2-(benzimidazolyl methylthio) benzimidazole and analogues 5a-k. We determined the structures of all synthesized compounds by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Mass Spectrometry...
The effectiveness of dear healthcare professional letters as a risk minimization tool in Ghana
September 2016
Dear Healthcare Professional (DHP) letter is a risk minimization tool used to inform health workers about new and emerging safety information during the marketing period of medicinal products. DHP letters in some cases may not be effective because targeted audience may not be aware of these letters or even understand them. The objectives of this study were to assess the effectiveness and relevance of DHP letters as...
Acute toxicity and hypoglycaemic activity of the leaf extracts of Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Wistar rats
September 2016
Persea americana Mill. or avocado plant tree is well-known to people from the sub-Saharan part of Africa. Studies carried out earlier reported on the use of leaf extracts of the named plant to cure diabetes and other diseases in the south of Côte d’Ivoire. This study aimed to assess both acute toxicity and hypoglyceamic activity together with performing a comparative study. The acute toxicity was determined...
Potential impact of urocortin I on sperm count, motility and sex hormone profiles in normal adult rats
August 2016
Urocortin I (Ucn I), Ucn II and Ucn III are corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) - like peptides. Ucn I has a high affinity for CRF1 and CRF2 receptors. The function of Ucn in male reproduction has not yet been elucidated. Ucn I is present in rat testis with lower levels of Ucn II and III mRNA gene expressions. Therefore, it is suggested that Ucn I may play a role in the regulation of male reproductive action. This...
Study of antidiarrheal and anthelmintic activity methanol extract of Commelina benghalensis leaves
August 2016
The objective of this study was to examine the restorative effects of methanol extract of Commelina benghalensis leaves in antidiarrheal activity in Swiss albino mice model and anthelmintic activity in Tubifex tubifex. Antidiarrheal activity study in Swiss albino mice were divided into four groups. Group I was treated as the control group and received 10 ml/kg of 2% Tween-80 orally; Group II served as a positive control...
Assessment of the anti-allergenic effects of Scoparia dulcis in asthma management
August 2016
Anti-allergics, including mast cell stabilizers, are used together with other anti-inflammatory drugs in the management of asthma, so as to prevent the release of pre-formed inflammatory mediators upon allergen exposure. This study was aimed at investigating the mast cell stabilizing and anti-anaphylactic effects of a 70% hydro-ethanolic extract of Scoparia dulcis (SDE) in murine models upon exposure to a known...
Toxicogenetic and antioxidant activities of isopentyl ferulate
August 2016
This study aims to determine the toxicity, genotoxicity and antioxidative defense capacities of isopentanyl ferulate (IF), an ester derivative of ferulic acid (FA). Therefore, albino mice (25-30 g) were treated with 1000 to 3000 mg/kg orally (p.o.) and intraperitoneally (i.p.) to determine median lethal dose (LD50), biochemical and hematological parameters, motor coordination and genotoxic activity by comet assay. In...
Peptide hydroxamate derivatives as regulators for insulin receptor signaling and its degradation by zinc metalloprotease in diabetic rats
August 2016
Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is the major zinc-metalloprotease involved in the cleavage of insulin, β-amyloid protein and mainly contributes to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, this enzyme is expressed as candidate target for drugs used in the management of diabetes and peptide hydroxamates have been reported recently as inhibitors for IDE. Novel synthesized peptide...
GC-MS analysis of esterified fatty acids obtained from leaves and seeds of Triplaris gardneriana Wedd.
August 2016
Triplaris gardneriana Wedd. belongs to the family Polygonaceae. In Brazil, the plant is known as "Pajéu". The plant has a traditional use in folk medicine for the treatment of some human diseases. In this study, it was realized for first time, the extraction and characterization by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of the fixed oils from the leaves and seeds of T. gardneriana collected...
Phytochemical and pharmacological screenings of organic crude fractions of Maesa acuminata
August 2016
The present study is aimed to investigate phytochemical and pharmacological activities of crude organic fractional extracts of Maesa acuminata (MA). Preliminary test for phytoconstituents shows the presence of alkaloid, glycoside, steroids, tannins, saponins and reducing sugars. Fractionation was done by ethanol (leaf: ELMA), chloroform (bark: CBMA) and n-hexane (leaf: HLMA). The crude fractions were then subjected for...
Preclinical evaluation of repeated dose toxicity and anxiolytic activity of monoterpene R - (+) – limonene via inhalation
August 2016
R - (+) - limonene is a monoterpene found in several plant species. Studies have shown that plants that have this compound has anxiolytic activity. This study aimed to investigate the anxiolytic and toxicological activity in rats after inhalation of R - (+) - limonene for 30 min. For the anxiety tests using Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), concentrations of 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0% were determined. From the results, it was observed...
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