Articles
Page 2 of 1227, showing 50 records out of 61308 total, starting on record 51, ending on 100
International Journal of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Research
Rilpivirine and Etravirine resistance among HIV-1 infected patients failing first generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in Busia, Western Kenya
July-December 2021
Rilpivirine (RPV) and Etravirine (ETR) are second-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) that are not used for HIV-1 treatment in Kenya. In this cross-sectional study, we sequenced and analyzed the reverse transcriptase and pol regions of HIV-1 genome from 140 HIV infected individuals from Busia County Referral Hospital, Western Kenya, who were on anti-HIV treatment with confirmed virologic...
UNIZIK Journal of Educational Research and Policy Studies
Effect of gender on Basic Science students’ academic achievement in secondary schools in Enugu Education Zone, Enugu State, Nigeria
July-December, 2021
Junior secondary schools’ achievement in Basic Science continues to fall below expectations, despite several interventions by multiple stakeholders. Hence, there is need to research more on gender effects on the delivery of Basic Science curricula content. This study, therefore, examined the effect of gender on Basic Science students’ academic achievement in secondary school. A pre-test, post-test,...
Journal of African Studies and Development
Women in nonfarm rural employment: implications on the social and economic empowerment of rural women in Uganda
July-September 2021
Nonfarm employment is an increasing form of employment in rural areas in Sub-Saharan Africa. This is partly because many of the workers in developing countries especially in Sub-Saharan Africa are self-employed workers. Most women in Uganda do not own land since customary land ownership system deprives women of owning land. This has pushed women to nonfarm employment in urban areas, semi-rural, and rural areas....
Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science
Exploiting combining ability in a diallel cross between native and elite cucumber (Cucumis
sativus L.) varieties
July-September 2021
F1 progenies derived from a set of diallel crosses involving native and 5 elite cucumber varieties were evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications to study combining ability for some important agronomic traits. The analysis of variance revealed that the mean squares due to genotypes were significant for the traits studied, indicating wide diversity among the parents. Mean squares for...
African Journal of Agricultural Research
Effect of drip and furrow irrigation at different irrigation levels on water use efficiency and economics of maize (Zea Mays L.) at Werer, Middle Awash, Ethiopia
September, 2021
Water is a vital resource to sustain civilizations and pecuniary development and most importantly agriculture. Agriculture is the main contributor to the Ethiopian economy. The field experiment was conducted at Werer Agricultural Research center to evaluate the effects of drip and furrow irrigation under different irrigation levels on maize water use efficiency. The experiment was laid out in an RCBD split-plot...
Journal of Philosophy and Culture
Traditional oath-taking as a panacea to ‘democratic corruption’ in Nigeria
July-December 2021
No society can survive outside its culture and tradition. The preponderance reality of this claim reveals the need and essence of cultural values and traditions in advancing the course of a nation. Therefore, this paper interrogates the possibility of approving traditional oath-taking with particular reference to Yoruba as a panacea to ‘democratic corruption’ in the Nigeria political space. This necessitates...
African Journal of Agricultural Research
Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae): State of knowledge and control methods
September, 2021
The objective of this article is to review the knowledge on Spodoptera frugiperda and the possible management strategies against the pest to identify research areas for its integrated management. A review of the literature shows that S. frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has been causing considerable damage to maize and many other crops since its detection in several African countries and it is one of the most...
International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering
Lactic acid from food waste enhances pathogen inactivation and urea stabilization in human urine
July-September, 2021
In areas where conventional sewer systems are not possible, innovative and low-cost methods are needed to get rid of pathogens in human urine. Treatment through acidification is a reliable method. In this study, the effect of fresh cabbage waste, potato peel, and teff flour water as substrate for lactic acid treatment of source-separated urine was investigated. Laboratory scale batch experiments were conducted to...
African Journal of Agricultural Research
Allometric functions for apple banana leaf area and above ground biomass
September, 2021
Allometric relationships have been used widely as a fast approach to estimate biomass and leaf area in many plant species without destructive sampling. Several allometric functions have been developed to estimate above-ground biomass (AGB) in field-grown East African Highland Bananas (EAHB). However, it is not clear if these functions apply to potted apple bananas hence the need for this study. Plants were randomly...
African Journal of Food Science
Encapsulation and gastrointestinal endurance of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 strain with
emulsion polymerization
September 2021
L. reuteri DSM 17938 strain was encapsulated using emulsion polymerization technique with alginate and fructooligosaccharide at five different concentrations between 0 and 1.5%. This study aimed to improve the gastrointestinal system (GIS) viability of L. reuteri. Encapsulation yield was calculated and found to be between 98.67 and 86.88%, and SEM imaging was performed for beads, and their sizes were found to range from...
African Journal of Agricultural Research
Cherry tomato production with different doses of organic compost
September, 2021
Cherry tomato cultivation in protected environments ensures production in the off-season, reaching yields up to 100 t ha-1 with 150 days of cultivation. Fertilization with organic composts can influence the production components of cherry tomato. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate different doses and organic composts, based on their nitrogen contents, on the production components of cherry tomato. The...
International Journal of Physical Sciences
Physical-chemical characterization of kanyu almond oil (Sclerocarya birrea) for use as biofuel
July-September, 2021
Plant oil extracted from Kanyu almonds offers the potential to be an alternative to fossil fuel resources. This study aims to characterize the physico-chemical properties of kanyu almond oil, as safe indicators of the use of this biofuel for energy generators. Samples of the oils examined were density, kinematic viscosity, acid value, and oxidation stability. The experimental results showed that the oils had different...
African Journal of Plant Science
Effect of integrated potassium nutrition on Fusarium wilt tolerance in apple bananas
September 2021
Potassium nutrition has been used in controlling fungal and bacterial diseases of plants. However, this has not yet been tested on control of Fusarium (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense -Foc), a major fungal disease constraining apple banana production. This study was set up with a general objective to investigate the effects of potassium on tolerance to Fusarium wilt in apple bananas using chlorophyll content, stomatal...
African Journal of Microbiology Research
Candida spp. associated with hot beverages of coffee and tea sold on street in Côte d’Ivoire
September 2021
Some Candida species are considered as human opportunistic pathogens and can play an important role in spontaneous fermentations, but also as beverage-spoiling microorganisms. The aim of this pioneering study was to investigate Candida spp. in hot beverages, which is consumed mostly on the streets in Côte d’Ivoire. Yeast strains were isolated from 400 hot beverages of tea (200) and coffee (200) samples....
African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology
Evaluating the rate of total electron content (TEC) production in ionosphere F2-layer to highlight winter anomaly by running thermosphere-Ionosphere-electrodynamics general circulation model
September 2021
The study deals with determining ionosphere parameter at low latitudes during the maximum of solar cycle 22 on quiet days. It uses Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM) to carry out Total Electron Content (TEC) parameter in the ionosphere region. TEC time variability on summer and winter highlights a seasonal anomaly, a phenomenon observed since 1965 and which appears while...
Journal of Entomology and Nematology
Do non-diapausing insects respond to different photoperiods: Spodoptera littoralis?
July-September 2021
Photoperiod is a great factor in determining the developmental pattern (continued development vs. suspended development, this is, diapause) of many insect pests. The cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) is non-diapaused insect. Knowledge about how developmental pathway of S. littoralis responds to photoperiod is necessary for mass rearing of the pest and its parasitoids and may suggest new control...
International Journal of Library and Information Science
ICT knowledge and utilization as determinants of job performance of Health Information Managers in health institutions in South-East Nigeria
July-December 2021
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have transformed healthcare delivery through various forms of e-health initiatives particularly in the areas of disease control, diagnosis, patient management, teaching, communication, storage, and retrieval of medical information. These benefits notwithstanding, health information managers are still deficient in the effective use and application of modern ICT facilities...
African Journal of Biotechnology
Efficient conditions for in vitro establishment and regeneration of disease-free Ugandan farmer-preferred cassava genotypes
September 2021
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is majorly devastated by two viral diseases, cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) and cassava mosaic disease (CMD), resulting in 100% yield loss. Being a clonal plant, nodal cuttings (NC) and shoot apical meristems (SAMs) are the best explants for production of disease free planting materials. In this study, NCs and SAMs were used to determine reliable indicators for successful in vitro...
Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development
Influence of seasonal fodder scarcity on milk production among smallholder dairy farms in the north rift region of Kenya
July-September 2021
This study assessed the extent of seasonal fodder scarcity influence on milk production in smallholder farms (n=130) in the north rift region of Kenya. A cross-sectional survey to obtain primary data was conducted through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Data processing was done in excel, thereafter, data was analyzed in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 21). Results...
Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics
Effects of regional trade policy on tariff revenue: Evidence from latent gains/Losses by Nigeria
July-September 2021
The study identified all Nigeria’s products of trade, with a view to ascertaining and computing volumes of net trade and corresponding latent gains and or losses sustained in pursuit of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) trade policy objectives. Data were soured from United Nations Commodity Trade (UNComtrade), via Trade Analysis and Information System Window. The inherent most-favored-nations...
African Journal of Business Management
Knowledge positioning and innovation in strategic alignment for SESCO and Saudi Arabia’s economy based on its 2030 vision
September 2021
The transition of economies to become more knowledge-based has compelled companies to adapt to a greatly changing environment through an emphasis on knowledge sharing and positioning, and alignment with innovation, and its products/services and the market. For Saudi Arabia to achieve its 2030 Vision, this focus on developing knowledge-intensive capabilities, collaboration with other organisations, human capital, R and...
International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences
The chlorine dioxide controversy: A deadly poison or a cure for COVID-19?
July-December 2021
Chlorine dioxide has been condemned as a dangerous poison and has been touted as a cure for COVID-19. This narrative review examines the controversy surrounding the use of aqueous chlorine dioxide by investigating evidence-based research articles, government documents, press reports, and the results of the first clinical trial utilizing chlorine dioxide as a treatment for COVID-19. Chlorine dioxide was found to be...
African Journal of Agricultural Research
Agronomic performance of provitamin A-rich banana cultivars in Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo
September, 2021
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a major global health issue, contributing to morbidity and mortality. East and Central Africa face VAD prevalence that exceeds the World Health Organization (WHO) threshold of 15%. In Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), VAD prevalence is greater than 43% in rural communities. Promoting vitamin A-rich foods (including banana) is an effective and sustainable strategy to...
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy
Laurus nobilis leaves extract protects against high fat diet-induced type 2 Diabetes in rats
July-September 2021
Laurus nobilis, commonly known as bay, is used in folk medicine as a remedy for many ailments. The present study investigates the protective effect of L. nobilis leaves extract against high fat diet-induced type 2 diabetes in rats. Animals were divided into group 1 (control), groups 2, 3, and 4 (bay leaves aqueous (AQ) extracts; 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg of body weight, respectively), and groups 5, 6, and 7 (bay leaves...
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research
Composition and antioxidant potential of leaf and stem essential oils from Nigerian Indigofera spicata Forssk
September, 2021
The chemical compositions and antioxidant evaluation of the essential oils (EOs) obtained by hydrodistillation from the leaf and stem of Indigofera spicata Forssk (Fabaceae) grown in Nigeria have been studied. The EOs were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the antioxidant potential was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging ability method....
Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics
An impact assessment of agriculture technological transfer from China to West Africa: A computable general equilibrium (CGE) dynamic approach
July-September 2021
China’s presence and influence in West Africa is on the rise, given China’s colossal investment in the sub-region’s economy. It is against this background that impact assessment was conducted by measuring the deviation between the baseline equilibrium against the policy scenarios of low and high agriculture technology transfer. The results of the study exemplify that for an effective impact on...
International Journal of Livestock Production
Leafy feed supplementation, rabbit growth performance and meat quality: Case study of Ipomoea aquatica
July-September 2021
Thirty-six local young rabbits of 42 days old were used to evaluate their growth performances and sensory characteristics of their meats based on the type of feed. The rabbits were divided into three groups of twelve animals each, that were fed for 56 days with one of three diets: Commercial feed (Cfe), commercial feed supplemented with water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) (Cfw) and feed composed only of water spinach...
Journal of Microbiology and Antimicrobials
Assessment of microbiological quality of khebab sold on the campus of a tertiary education and its environs in Ghana
July-December 2021
Prevalence and incidence of foodborne illness in developing countries has risen in recent times as a result of increased demand for Ready-To- Eat (RTE) foods. The current study assessed the microbiological quality of khebab sold at selected areas within the Kumasi metropolis. A total of 36 khebab samples were purchased and analyzed for Total Viable Count (TVC), Total Coliforms Count (TCC) and Thermotolerant Coliforms...
Journal of Parasitology and Vector Biology
Coverage and effectiveness of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine during pregnancy in six sentinels’ sites of Côte d’Ivoire
July-December 2021
Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) is recommended to prevent maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes. This study aimed to assess IPTp-SP coverage in mothers delivering in six health facilities and factors associated with placental malaria and low birth weight. A multicenter, cross-sectional survey was conducted in Côte d’Ivoire from March to...
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research
Chemical investigation, toxic potential and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect of Parkia platycephala leaf and seed extracts
September, 2021
The present work evaluated the inhibitor potential of acetylcholinesterase, the preliminary toxicity and determination of active components of different leaf and seed extracts of Parkia platycephala. All extracts were obtained through hot extraction in a closed system (Soxhlet). To obtain the leaf and seed hexanic, methanolic, and ethanolic extracts (LHE, LME, LEE, and SHE, SME, and SEE), sequential extraction was...
Journal of Horticulture and Forestry
Pre-sowing treatments for enhancing germination of Guibortia coleosperma and Amblygonocarpus andongensis seeds from Kazuma Forest Reserve, Botswana
July-September 2021
The effect of seed presowing treatment on Guibortia coleosperma and Amblygonocarpus andongensis was investigated. Seeds of both species were subjected to four experiments, containing 10 levels of presowing treatments: mechanical scarification, soaking in concentrated sulphuric acid (for 15, 30, 45 and 60 min), immersion in boiling water (for 1, 3 and 5 min), and soaking in boiling water (and cooling down for 24 h) and...
Journal of Stored Products and Postharvest Research
Hermetic storage of maize grain in repurposed food oil containers to control maize weevils
July-September 2021
Insect-related grain loss is a significant problem in Uganda and other countries in sub Saharan Africa. The maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) is one of the major insect pests that infests stored maize grain (Zea mays Linneaus). This study demonstrates the feasibility of hermetic or “air-tight” storage for protecting maize from maize weevil damage using low-cost repurposed food oil containers....
African Journal of Business Management
The impact of intellectual capital on financial performance in Argentina, Chile and Peru
September 2021
Intellectual capital research is a topic that has stood out in recent decades and has allowed us to recognize other types of strategic non-accounting resources that allow organizations to increase their financial performance. Despite the importance of the subject, the evidence for emerging economies, especially in Latin America is scarce and outdated with inconclusive results. This motivates this research. The objective...
African Journal of Microbiology Research
Hazard assessment and resistance profile of Escherichia coli strains isolated from bovine carcasses at the main slaughterhouses of Dakar, Senegal
September 2021
Foodborne bacterial hazards and antibiotics resistance are a public health threat. This study aimed at assessing the slaughter conditions, the bacteriological quality of bovine carcasses and at determining the antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli strains isolated from bovine carcasses. A questionnaire was administered to 41 stakeholders on the slaughter line. Swabbed carcasses were analyzed according to the...
Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science
BLUP & AMMI model for stability analysis of wheat genotypes evaluated under irrigated timely sown trials in North Eastern Plains Zone of India
July-September 2021
Environments explained 49.4%, G×E interaction 28.1%, and genotypes only 5.6% of the total sum of squares due to treatments for the first year of studied period 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. More than 95% of variations had been accounted for by the first seven interaction principal components. Superiority indexes had identified WH1239, DBW187, HD3249 genotypes as per the BLUE estimates. Same genotypes were...
African Journal of Bacteriology Research
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains in Bamako, Mali
July-December 2021
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is generally susceptible to antibiotics of the families of Beta-lactam, aminoglycosides and quinolones. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of P. aeruginosa strains in Bamako, Mali. P. aeruginosa strains were isolated on Drigalski agar. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. Among 317 non...
African Journal of Biotechnology
Vertical-horizontal subsurface flow hybrid constructed wetlands for municipal wastewater treatment in developing countries: A review
September 2021
The use of low-cost on-site wastewater treatment technologies, including constructed wetlands (CWs), is wide spread. Despite the purported high performance of vertical-horizontal subsurface flow (V-H SSF) hybrid CWs, data on implementation and performance in developing countries is scarce. Here, the design, operation and performance of V-H SSF hybrid CWs for treatment of municipal sewage in an effort to encourage and...
Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Research
A novel modified hexagonal fractal antenna (HFA) with band notches for WLAN rejection
July-December 2021
In this paper, a hexagonal fractal antenna is proposed for wireless applications. The basic shape of the fractal antenna is a hexagon which is modified by inserting smaller hexagons along the periphery of the generator structure. The proposed antenna exhibits a bandwidth of 7.5 GHz in the frequency range of 3.3-10.8 GHz. The band notch for WLAN rejection at 5.75 GHz is obtained by etching hair-pin slot in the feed...
African Journal of Agricultural Research
Chemical composition and bioactivity of Lantana camara L. essential oils from diverse climatic zones of Kenya against leaf miner (Tuta absoluta Meyrick)
September, 2021
In recent years, essential oils (EOs) as alternatives to synthetic pesticides in managing pests have been assessed. The use of bioinsecticide in pest management is encouraged in agroecology for a sustainable agricultural system. Essential oils of Lantana camara L. leaves from different climatic zones of Kenya were extracted by steam distillation and analyzed through GC-MS to identify...
Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development
Responses of smallholder farmers on sorghum production preferences and constraints in the Upper East Region of Ghana
July-September 2021
In spite of several strategies implemented to improve sorghum production in Ghana, average grain yield in farmers’ fields remains low and far below the estimated potential. The development of effective strategies requires continuous, in-depth understanding of production constraints as well as farmer preferences for crop traits. To this end, a participatory rural appraisal using focus group discussions, interviews...
Journal of Dryland Agriculture
A low-cost integrated desalination and irrigation technique tested on dual-purpose sorghum in Turkana County, Kenya
September, 2021
In arid and semi-arid lands, water salinity often restricts plant growth, degrades soils, and even causes irrigation systems to fail, especially in hot climates. Worldwide, it is a “major cause” of the irrigation-induced salinization that had already affected 76 million ha of soil in 1991. Our novel and inexpensive irrigation technique addresses these issues, thus potentially improving the food security of...
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research
Piper multinodum C.DC. (Piperaceae) essential oils chemical variation and biological activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
September, 2021
Piper multinodum C.DC. belongs to the Piperaceae family, and is known as “Jaborandi-manso”. This species has no reported botanical, chemical, pharmacological and/or toxicological scientific studies, and has restricted occurrence in degraded Brazilian biomes. The Piper genus is known to be aromatic, the essential oils (EO) obtained from different organs have demonstrated significant biological activities, and...
International Journal of Science and Technology Education Research
School graduation finals are “dead” - long live the student’s e-portfolio
July-December 2021
The concept of e-portfolios is to reflect an avenue into the past, present, and future of a person; displaying his or her lifetime education and devotion to further development, represents a valuable tool in aiding students’ not only in their academic growth, but mainly in their transition into higher education levels or even new careers. In the last few years, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, the use...
Journal of the Nigeria Society of Physiotherapy
Pattern of physical activity, sleep duration and quality of life among individuals with diabetes mellitus in selected health facilities in Kano, Northwestern Nigeria
July-December 2021
Data on physical activity (PA) and sleep duration (SD) as important correlates of quality of life (QoL) among diabetic patients are scarce. This study investigated the pattern of self-reported PA, SD and QoL in purposively selected diabetes patients (N = 124, mean age: 54.61) at two major hospitals in Kano, Nigeria. Respondents’ PA level, SD and QoL were estimated using the International PA Questionnaire, a...
African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology
Biodegradation of hydrocarbon by Enterobacter sp IAA-01 isolated from hydrocarbon exploration site soil of Kukawa Northeastern Nigeria
September 2021
The accidental release of diesel and other hydrocarbon to the environment lead to the pollution of the environment. The search for an environmentally friendly technique for the remediation of such polluted environment is not to be overemphasis. Microorganisms are used in the bioremediation of polluted environments. Hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium isolated from the hydrocarbon exploration site soil of Kukawa...
African Journal of Biotechnology
Sales environment, microbiological and biochemical quality of beef skins intended for human consumption
September 2021
The quality and composition of meat and its derivatives are influenced by many factors namely physicochemical, organoleptic factors and microbial contamination. The aim of this study was to evaluate kpakouma consumption risk through its chemical and microbiological contaminants. The methodological approach was composed of (i) observation of selling environment, (ii) pesticides and antibiotics residues quantification by...
Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health
An evaluation of a pilot herd-health programme for improved health and productivity of smallholder dairy herds in peri-urban Kampala, Uganda
July-September 2021
A pilot herd-health programme for improved health and productivity of peri-urban dairy herds in Kampala, Uganda was evaluated. A total of 15 herds were enrolled on the program following informed owner consent. Fortnightly, each herd was visited for a general herd evaluation with data captured using standard evaluation form. Following each visit and for every farm, a herd health report was produced with specific...
Scientific Research and Essays
On the effects of solar flare on geomagnetic components across all latitudes during solar minimum and maximum
July-September, 2021
The mutual dependence of solar flare and geomagnetic H and Z components during the period of least (2009) and maximum (2002) solar activity using archived and observed data were examined. Solar flares were identified by sudden ionosphric monitor (SIDMON) constructed by staff of Centre for Basic Space Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. However, SIDMON results were still confirmed by satellite data since it...
African Journal of Business Management
Effects of globalization on small medium-sized enterprise development in Ghana
September 2021
The paper examined the effects of globalisation on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) performance in Ghana. By using the case study approach, the study selected the Kumasi Metropolis as the area for this study. The research delved into the level of familiarity of globalisation among SMEs, examined the influence of globalisation on SMEs performance and assessed the prospects and challenges globalisation poses on...
African Journal of Business Management
Corporate governance and firm’s financial performance amongst private business enterprises in Uganda, a perspective from Lira City
September 2021
The study examined the effect of corporate governance on firm’s financial performance amongst private business enterprises in Uganda. The study used descriptive and survey design. A mixed method approach which involved both qualitative and quantitative techniques were also used. The study found out that corporate governance significantly influences the financial performance of hotels and manufacturing firms in...
Page 2 of 1227, showing 50 records out of 61308 total, starting on record 51, ending on 100
